https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/06/us-scientists-achieve-net-energy-gain-second-time-fusion-reaction
The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s National Ignition Facility achieved the feat using lasers to fuse two atoms
You guys are giving me so much material to make my family roll their eyes at the next get together, I love it!
Einstein's most famous equation relates mass and energy: E=mc^2 . So, if you're not matter (mass), you're energy. Which, by the way, is how we make energy in fusion reactions, converting mass to energy.
Ahh so that's what it means. I was trying to think of what sounds like "energy" and could also fit in this sentence.
This is the best summary I could come up with:
US scientists have achieved net energy gain in a nuclear fusion reaction for the second time since a historic breakthrough in December last year in the quest to find a near-limitless, safe and clean source of energy
Scientists at the California-based Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory repeated the breakthrough in an experiment in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) on 30 July that produced a higher energy yield than in December, a Lawrence Livermore spokesperson said.
The approach, which gives rise to the heat and light of the sun and other stars, has been hailed as having huge potential as a sustainable, low-carbon energy source.
In December, Lawrence Livermore first achieved a net energy gain in a fusion experiment using lasers.
The Energy Department called it “a major scientific breakthrough decades in the making that will pave the way for advancements in national defense and the future of clean power.”
Fusion energy raises the prospect of plentiful clean power: the reactions release no greenhouse gases or radioactive waste byproducts.
I'm a bot and I'm open source!
It may only be two atoms, but it's yet another tiny step in the right direction. It may still be generations before fusion is a scalable and reliable power source, but at this point I think we've proved it isn't impossible.
The energy released was orders of magnitudes greater than that which would have been released by only fusing two atoms, so I strongly suspect that this is just poor wording and/or misunderstanding by the news agency and that what was really meant was that the lasers fused pairs of atoms.
Maybe I'm just over-hopeful, but I think "generations" is far too much of an overunderstatement. With the way that technology moves, I don't think we'll be waiting that long.
I think we will keep accelerating, but Fusion has taken so, so long to get to where we are now, every advancement has been met with a setback, and we still only have a few parts of it working on small scales.
The ones to watch for the next few years are ITER and CFETR for large scale tokamak style reactors, as well as SPARC for a much more compact solution that looks very promising as it can be built faster and cheaper. I don't really see inertial confinement or pinch reactors being the way forward for power generation, but you never know.
Generations are generally ~20 years. It's been 3-4 generations since the first nuclear power plant, and less since the first commercial one. It'll certainly be at least one more before commercial fusion even being optimistic
The problem is that fusion research does not tend to receive a lot of funding, especially relative to the huge challenges it presents. Even the National Ignition Facility, where this milestone was reached, was only built because it was needed for nuclear weapons research, with advances into using fusion for energy generation being essentially a side benefit (at least, from the perspective of its government funders).
Oh for goodness sake. 400MJ in for 3.15MJ out is not a net energy gain. I wish just once they'd be honest about what they do, it's ok to do basic physics research without pretending you've saved the world every six months.
Where do you get those numbers from? They don't seem to match the figures in this article or the article it links to. I get that you're saying they leave out some important facts about the total energy used in the experiment, but I'm curious about exactly what's not documented here.
Wikipedia's figures for the last time they made this claim. The exact figures might be a bit different this time round, but I doubt they've found 99% efficiency gains. Livermore sends out this sort of press release pretty regularly and it always comes down to the same creative accounting
Basically, there's a whole load of input energy that they just don't count. Heat? Doesn't count. UV? Doesn't count. Plasma? Doesn't count. this diagram from the wiki might be instructive. There may be decent justifications for counting it like this - I don't know, I'm not a nuclear physicist. But I think the way they continue to report it to the media is simply dishonest.
The logic is that they don't count ignition costs because they only have to be paid once. So it's producing more than it consumes, and would eventually start netting a surplus.
Except it's not and it won't. It's just a fraction of a second pop and done. There's no sustained reaction because inertial confinement by it's nature is extremely temporary, and there's no way to introduce new fuel. If they do some monster fuel pellet that outshines the laser then sure - they can claim a net surplus. If they find some contrivance to keep a reaction going after it's started then fantastic, well done, the day is saved. But they're not likely to do that at the NIF because, shhh! NIF is not really about generating energy.
Except this one isn't basic physics research. It's an end run around nuclear weapons treaties to test how missiles and planes respond to H-bombs going off nearby.
It could have an energy application (maybe), but given that the targets are ludicrously expensive, the most viable power plant would resemble the attempts in the 60s to use bombs in underground caverns to heat things up and put essentially a geothermal plant on top. Except with a laser detonator rather than a fission one. Chances of making it economically viable or reliable are slim.
Yeh that was me being circumspect. Last time i called it a weapons facility I got one of the researchers in my replies complaining that they totally intend to get round to some energy research one of these days. He didn't bother to correct any of the people in the same thread who were excited about their fusion power dreams finally coming true.
It's a shame. Blasting tritium into a mini sun with a massive frikken laser is plenty cool without having to misrepresent it so much.
Would you mind expanding on your first part, please? That sounds interesting and I haven't seen anyone else say anything about it. I'd like to know more.
This research comes frim the llnl weapons complex: https://wci.llnl.gov/
There is an international treaty against nuclear arms testing, so as new weapons and platforms are developed there is no way to expose them to the conditiona they'd encounter if they actually had to deploy nuclear weapons (or operate in an environment where they are being used such as trying to take out the other bomber that is on its way to destroy your other city while the first city burns).
In addition to the enormous military budget, They take large quantities of civilian money via the DOE because they pay lip service to it being "energy research". This is the part that is objectionable.
It's a cool thing, and arguably necessary given we recently got to see what happens when a country bordering Russia gives up its nuclear weapons altogether, but there is little application for energy. It may also see the development of some micro-fusion warhead with no fission component which is technically a nuclear bomb, but nigh-impossible to make if you don't have the US military budget so they'll use it anyway and say "nuh-huh!" when anyone objects.
Either the technology is highly limited in the volume where the reaction is self sustaining, so the machine as a whole will never break even energy-wise, or it is not, and every inertial confinement generator produced is essentially a weapon of mass destruction that the US will never let exist outside of the control of nuclear armed countries.
There may be some limited application to energy, but it's a stretch (essentially it would look like asking the US military nicely to come set another bomb off in your artificial geothermal reservoir every few months). It will certainly never be deployed in a non-military mobile application (which rules out most of the use cases where renewables are not strictly superior).
NIF is used to test nuclear weapon stock piles without actually detonating them as a test. This is in compliance with the START treaties
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111shrg65071/html/CHRG-111shrg65071.htm You can search "ignition" for the couple references.
So, how long was this reaction? "Brief moment" is not very detailed. At the Wendelstein 7-X reactor, they can keep up a fusion reaction for around 8 minutes without anything overheating.
Beyond just trying to maintain a reaction, we'll need a design that allows for the extraction of working energy. At present, all designs require tons of additional energy to keep them cool. We're very far from any design that is power positive in a real sense. Any time you ask one of the fusion fanboys about this there's a lot of hand waving, but I've never seen any actual proposals to extract working heat from the reactor. Any designs that require supercooling are especially problematic. It's really difficult to extract heat capable of turning a turbine through the supercooled magnetic containment.
Fusion will happen, but not before a whole lot more money and time (in decades) disappears into the money pit.
I'm not sure if the time scale would be measurable. Nanoseconds at most. But the relevant part is that it's ignition.
A device to harness inertial confinement fusion would work very very differently to a magnetic confinement one if that were the goal here (it's not, it's a weapons research facility). Essentially heating something up a lot in milliseconds and then extracting the heat over hours to months.
I've been so excited for this! Every day we're getting closer to such a massive achievement. I remember having to learn a teensy bit about radiation in school. To this day it's still magic to me.
Hmm, yeah, but we'd earn WAYYYYYYYY more money if you did pay for this free energy so...
