Is there a way to release a work under a copyleft license without preventing other people from sharing a copy of it on YouTube (only allows selecting standard YouTube license or permissive Creative Commons license) and similar platforms?
Maybe I am understanding you wrong, but the all point of copyleft is to allow people to share your work on other platforms.
You can use the licence you like, with the accesses you fancy for you audience.
Copyleft licenses require that derivative works maintain that same license. Not all the Creative Commons licenses are copyleft. CC-BY only requires that attribution be given in the derivative work. That's the one YouTube offers as an option for uploads.
If you want your video to be copylefted, you should use one of the SA (share-alike) licenses. See https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/
Yes I know.
As I say using copyleft work on other platforms is doable. On YouTube it's doable if you make a derivative work, but on peertube ou dogmazic.net for instance it is perfectly fine.
But as I say maybe I understood wrongly the initial question...
I'd say to ignore the platform licensing and just make sure that the license appears in the media itself (which it should, anyway, in case anybody finds it randomly) and marked in descriptions.
YouTube seems interesting, because there's so much garbage listed as CC-BY that almost certainly doesn't have any legitimate permission for it, and I've never found actual Creative Commons content through that route, so that probably informs my "just ignore it" thinking...